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Evelien Claes and Antony Pemberton analysed interviews with nine women. Their study describes difficulties understanding events and obtaining recognition when memories are incomplete.

Support beyond stereotypes

The authors call for responses that reduce barriers without imposing a single template of victimhood.

Context matters

This qualitative research cannot establish how common spiking is across Belgium.

The date refers to the linked original publication. This summary preserves the context at that date.

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